A Evolução do Modelo Português
Autor | Isabel Celeste M. Fonseca |
Páginas | 46-48 |
Page 46
No que diz respeito à evolução do modelo do contencioso administrativo, na perspectiva organizativa, cumpre destacar três grandes etapas: uma que respeita à época liberal, outra ao período que vai desde 1930 a 1976 e outro que corresponde à fase posterior à CRP de 1976.
Para marcar o início da história do contencioso administrativo, normalmente invoca-se o período em que se instaura o princípio da separação de poderes. Contudo, cumpre lembrar que mesmo antes desta altura já existiam mecanismo de tutela perante a administração pública. Na verdade, MARIA DA GLÓRIA GARCÍA (Da justiça administrativa em Portugal. Sua origem e evolução, Lisboa, 1994), dá-nos conta de terem existindo diversos mecanismos de protecção e processos durante a época medieval, a época moderna e a época do Estado de polícia.
A doutrina considera decisivo, ainda assim, o marco da revolução francesa. Ora, durante a época liberal, e sobretudo a partir de 1832, concretiza-se entre nós o modelo de justice retenue. Na senda da reforma de Mouzinho da Silveira, que pressupõe que julgar a administração é ainda administrar, institui-se um sistema administrativista. Este período não apresenta, contudo, traços contínuos e limpos. E assiste-se à combinação constante de modelos. Por exemplo, mais tarde há a mitigação do modelo, durante a vigência do CA, já que se estabelece uma diferença entre a justiça local (Conselhos de Prefeitura) e a justiça central (Conselho de Estado).
Durante a época do período autoritário-corporativo, que vai desde 1930/33 e 1974/76, existiu entre nós um modelo quase-judicialista, assentado nas auditorias administrativas, a nível local, e no STA, a nível central, sendo certo que tais órgão eram independentes, não estando integrados na orgânica dos tribunais comuns.
Finalmente, a terceira fase inicia-se com a actual Constituição. Assim, importa sublinhar que a CRP de 1976 veio instituir um modelo judicialista, id est, um modelo de contencioso totalmente jurisdicionalizado, sendo que a jurisdição administrativa surge como ordem jurisdicional autónoma ainda que de competência especializada.
Com a revisão de 1989, os tribunais administrativos passam a ter uma existência obrigatória, integrados numa ordem judicial a que compete a jurisdição comum em matéria administrativa: artigo 209.º, n.º 1 alínea b) e 212.º, n.º 3 CRP, sendo certo que também se consagram garantias de autonomia e de imparcialidade aos juízes administrativos (artigos 212.º, n.º 1 e n.º 2...
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