Continuação. Forma de Estado
Autor | Arnaldo Ourique |
Páginas | 95-97 |
Page 95
No texto anterior (página 90) dissemos que o acórdão de Setembro de 2006 do Tribunal de Justiça das Comunidades Europeias a propósito da redução do imposto sobre o rendimento das pessoas singulares e colectivas com domicílio fiscal nos Açores em nada beliscava as autonomias insulares portuguesas. 51 Também concluímos que existe uma crise dessa autonomia e que ela é interna. Sublinhámos várias origens e valências dessa crise que dividimos em crise política e constitucional.
Mas, a propósito dessas matérias, suscita interesse a palavra "crise". Porque uma coisa é a crise política e constitucional, outra bem diferente é aquilo que podemos apodar de crise da forma de Estado. Ou seja, se aquela crise política e constitucional são já suficientes ou não para falar-se numa alteração do paradigma da descentralização política. Já discutimos, na generalidade, a natureza do conceito de Estado unitário regional.52
São sempre perigosos, porque falaciosos, os exemplos: cada modelo tem as suas características baseadas na sua própria história. Existem duas formas de Estado: o unitário (simples) e o federado (composto). Existe algo mitigado ou híbrido, como, por exemplo, na Austrália, cujo modelo são Estados federados, portanto um Estado federal, mas constituído também por territórios descentralizados e com poder autonómico.53 Mas, as formas de Estado são duas (que se confundem bastante vezes com as classes de Estado - colónia, confederação, protectorado, reino..., com as formas de governo - como se organiza o poder -, e com os sistemas de governo - forma de divisão do poder).
Acontece, porém, que dentro de cada forma de Estado há uma panóplia diversificada de Estados. Um ponto central, senão único com rigor, para distinguir ambos os modelos está nisto: no Estado federal os Estados federados perdem a soberania externa, mas não totalmente a interna (não entendemos importante a diferença entre ter ou não Constituição; há Estados que não têm Constituição, pelo menos formal, por exemplo o Reino Unido) (não esquecendo a crise actual do conceito de soberania).
Por exemplo: Portugal, Itália e Espanha são Estados unitários. Mas quão diferentes uns dos outros: Portugal tem um território e duas regiões políticas (Estado unitário periférico), Espanha e Itália são um conjunto de regiões políticas (Estado unitário integral). Existe habitualmente a Page 96 referência de Itália como um Estado regional, mas a distinção é para isto: é que paulatinamente os poderes...
Para continuar a ler
PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Autonomia portuguesa
- 2ª Parte: Paradigmas político, jurídico e filosófico
- A autonomia constitucional no Século XXI
- A crise das autonomias (a propósito do Tribunal de Justiça das Comunidades Europeias)
- Continuação. Forma de Estado
- Solidariedade nacional
- O novo conceito constitucional de interesse específico
- Continuação. Fiscalização
- O princípio da audição das regiões autónomas na Constituição da República Portuguesa
- O Preâmbulo do Estatuto dos Açore
- O Preâmbulo do Estatuto dos Açore
- Criação da lei nos Açores (apontamentos para o seu estudo)
- Continuação. A sua crise
- O passado, o anterior e o actual sistema legislativo
- Porquê um controlo preventivo da lei
- Não há cidadania sem leis
- E não há leis sem democracia
- Supletividade autonómica
- O homem açoriano e a violação da ordem jurídica
- Limite material e região autónoma
- Audição autonómica
- Fuga para a autonomia administrativa
- Representante da República
- Herança dos últimos governos
- Herança dos últimos governos
- Continuação
- Autonomia constitucional
- Continuação
- Conclusão
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