Competência
Autor | Helder Martins Leitão |
Cargo do Autor | Advogado |
Páginas | 64-66 |
Page 64
s.f. (lat. competentia).
s.c.: faculdade que tem uma pessoa para resolver um assunto; atribuição; poder.
As disposições legais sobre competência dos tribunais destina-se a este fim: habilitar a pessoa que pretende propor uma acção a determinar em que tribunal há-de intentá-la para ter a segurança de obter uma sentença de mérito.
Nem o S.T.J., nem qualquer outro tribunal, órgão ou poder do Estado tem o direito de mandar julgar a causa em tribunal diverso do competente segundo a lei: é uma garantia preciosa para os litigantes.
Quando a causa se encontre, através de qualquer dos seus elementos, em contacto com mais que um país, desde logo, se levanta a questão da competência internacional. As regras para a respectiva solução passam pela verificação de alguma das circunstâncias previstas nas alíneas a) a d), do n.º 1, do art. 65.º do C.P.C. e correspondentes aos princípios da coincidência, da causalidade, da reciprocidade e da necessidade.
Solucionada a questão da competência internacional, surge um outro problema, ou seja, o da competência interna, distribuindo-se em vários aspectos.
Desde logo, a competência em razão da matéria - no plano interno, deve a acção ser proposta nalgum tribunal especial ou num tribunal comum?
Terá, aqui, que se atender à natureza da relação jurídica material, em debate, segundo a versão apresentada em juízo.
O valor da causa marca, igualmente, outro aspecto a considerar na determinação da competência interna.
E são as leis de organização judiciária que determinam quais as causas que, pelo valor ou pela forma de processo aplicável, se inserem na competência dos tribunais singulares e colectivos.
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Os tribunais judiciais encontram-se hierarquizados para efeito de recurso das respectivas decisões. A infracção desta hierarquia faz despoletar um vício de incompetência em razão da hierarquia. Quanto à competência territorial, ela é marcada por índices como seguem: a situação dos bens, no caso de acções relativas a direitos reais sobre imóveis, de despejo, de preferência, de reforço, substituição, redução e expurgação de hipotecas; o lugar do cumprimento da obrigação, no caso de acções destinadas a exigir o adimplemento ou indemnização pela mora; o lugar de domicílio do autor, para as acções de divórcio ou de separação de pessoas e bens.
Um outro aspecto a considerar ainda adentro desta rubrica: há conflito, positivo ou negativo, de competência quando dois ou mais tribunais da mesma ordem jurisdicional...
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